Eliminating fake volume is critical for accurate market assessment and investor protection. Artificially inflated activity distorts price signals and misleads participants about real liquidity on exchanges. Manipulation through repetitive self-trades generates misleading statistics that regulatory bodies strive to detect and mitigate with increasingly sophisticated tools. Identifying wash schemes requires analyzing patterns of reciprocal orders executed […]

Merkle trees provide a robust structure to verify data integrity with minimal overhead. By organizing data hashes into a binary tree, this method enables light clients to confirm the presence of a specific element through concise evidence rather than downloading entire datasets. The hierarchical arrangement reduces verification complexity from linear to logarithmic scale, significantly enhancing […]

Identifying price differences across multiple trading platforms remains a powerful strategy to generate profit by capitalizing on market inefficiencies. When the same asset trades at varying values on distinct exchanges, executing simultaneous buy and sell actions can yield immediate gains without exposure to directional market risk. Success depends on rapid detection of discrepancies and swift […]

Decentralized systems operate without a central authority, which is the defining characteristic of bitcoin. Unlike fiat currency issued and regulated by governments through centralized banking institutions, this cryptocurrency functions on a distributed ledger called blockchain, allowing peer-to-peer transactions without intermediaries. The physical aspect of conventional cash contrasts sharply with the purely digital nature of this […]