Producers of new blocks possess unique opportunities to reorder, include, or exclude transactions to maximize profits derived from value extraction. This extractable value emerges primarily through strategies like arbitrage and sandwich attacks, where actors exploit price discrepancies and transaction ordering to capture additional gains beyond standard fees. Liquidations represent a significant source of maximal extractable […]

Accurate recording of event times in a decentralized network relies on robust consensus protocols that align the perceived order of transactions without a centralized clock. Achieving precise time assignment involves synchronizing nodes and validating temporal data embedded within each block, ensuring consistent sequencing across the entire system. The challenge lies in reconciling discrepancies between local […]

Compact representations of large sets enable scalable verification of membership without exposing the entire dataset. Utilizing cryptographic methods designed for succinctness, these constructs allow a prover to generate concise proofs that an element belongs to a particular collection, significantly reducing storage and communication overhead. Membership verification protocols based on these mechanisms maintain strong privacy guarantees […]